indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
illness (usu. excluding minor ailments, e.g. common cold); disease; bad habit; bad behaviour; crazy; insane
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
(one's) older brother; lad; sonny
feeling; sensation; preparedness; readiness; thought; sentiment
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
truth; reality; seriousness; logical truth; printed style writing; star performer
suffix for familiar person
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
all; entire; whole; altogether
in this way; thus; such; uh...
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to go; to come; to be defeated; to collapse; to be annoyed; to be nonplussed
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
sorry; excuse me; thank you
such; this sort of; like this
the person in question; the person themselves; said person
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
should; must; -able; probably; likely
have to (verb); must (verb); is indispensable; absolutely necessary
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
mouth; opening; hole; mouth (of a bottle); spout; gate; door
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
properly; accurately; exactly; neatly; tidily; orderly
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
difficult to ...; hard to ...