indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
(within) the (Tokyo) metropolitan area
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to open; to undo; to bloom; to unfold; to open (for business, e.g. in the morning); to be wide (gap, etc.); to widen
box lunches for delivery; catering meal
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
nausea; sickness in the stomach
to raise; to bring to (someone's attention); to appeal to (reason, emotions, etc.); to work on (one's emotions); to complain; to sue (a person)
near; neighbourhood; nearly (e.g. "it took nearly one year"); close to; shortly; soon
hospital; clinic; doctor's office; doctor's surgery; infirmary
transportation; conveyance; delivery; hospitalization; transfer to hospital
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
detection; sense (e.g. sensor)
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
bento; Japanese box lunch
expiry date (esp. on food); expiration date; use-by date
to break; to snap; to be injured; to wear out; to be worn out; to break; to burst
freezing; cold storage; refrigeration
flesh; meat; flesh (of a fruit); pulp; the physical body (as opposed to the spirit); flesh; thickness
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
Shōwa era (1312.3.20-1317.2.3)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
contacting; (making) contact; connection (with a train, bus, etc.); joining (a railway line, etc.); connection (between matters, incidents, etc.); relation
to come off; to be removed; to disappear (of pain, a fever, etc.); to be caught; to be harvested; to be interpreted (as); to be taken (as)
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
elbowroom; leeway; room; reserve; margin; allowance
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
growth; development; growing up; growth (of a company, the economy, etc.)