Tsugaru (Western region of Aomori Prefecture)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
the person in question; the person themselves; said person
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
myself; yourself; I; me; you
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to change; to alter; to transform; to reform; to revise; to amend
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
don't you think?; indicates question
clear weather; fine weather; formal; ceremonial; cleared of suspicion
phala (attained state, result); enlightenment (as the fruits of one's Buddhist practice); fruit; counter for pieces of fruit
disagreeable; detestable; unpleasant; reluctant
older sister; lass; young lady
tightly (holding on); firmly; strongly (built); solidly; properly; well
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
highly virtuous monk; monk; Buddhist solitary; Buddhist missionary; saint (i.e. a virtuous person); (arch.) emperor; master
hospital; clinic; doctor's office; doctor's surgery; infirmary
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to take someone (to some place); to take someone along; to lead someone away
than; from; out of; except; but; more
car; automobile; vehicle; wheel
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
key; lock; key (to a problem); clue
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience