Enryaku era (782.8.19-806.5.18)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
(one) matter; (one) item; (one) case
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indeed; really; absolutely; truly; actually; very
I'm sorry; (it's) inexcusable; I feel regretful; thank you very much (for help, etc.)
you (when referring to one's equals or inferiors)
thought; imagination; mind; desire; wish; love
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
one's own convenience; one's way; surroundings; environment; convenience; ease of use; financial circumstances
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
that sort of; that kind of; like that; such; so
imitating; copying; mimicry; behavior; behaviour; action
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
wanted; wished for; in need of; I want (you) to
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
even so; all the same; nevertheless; yes, but ...
thoughtless; reckless; rash; excessive; unreasonable; immoderate
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
to make a mistake (in); to commit an error (e.g. in calculation); to confuse; to mistake something for something else
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
explanation; exposition; description; account; caption; legend
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
excuse; explanation; justification; defense; defence
extra; more; unnecessary; needless; all the more; even more
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)