indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to sound; to ring; to resound; to echo; to roar; to rumble
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
to return (something); to restore; to turn over; to turn upside down; to pay back; to retaliate; to respond (with)
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
email; mail (usu. in compound words); post; message (sent over a chat application); instant message; male
marshy rice field or paddy
Heisei era (1989.1.8-2019.4.30)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
November; eleventh month of the lunar calendar
fourteenth day of the month; fourteen days
birth; birthplace; born in (country, month, imperial era, zodiac year, etc.)
when one was a very young child; very early in one's life
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
honor student; honours student; model student; prize pupil
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to act (a part); to play (a role); to perform (a play, etc.); to put on (a production); to commit (a blunder); to disgrace oneself
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
parent; parents; dealer (in cards, mahjong, etc.); banker; founder; inventor; (pet) owner
expectation; anticipation; hope; promising; rising; up-and-coming
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to respond; to answer; to meet (e.g. demands, expectations); to affect; to take a toll; to strike home
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
being accomplished in both the literary and military arts; doing well in both school and sports
companion; fellow; group; company; member of the same category (family, class)
reliance; trust; faith; confidence
cute; adorable; dear; precious; innocent; childlike
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
before one knows; before one becomes aware of; unnoticed; unawares
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
myself; yourself; I; me; you
to lose sight of; to miss
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
wasteland; wilderness; deserted land; prairie; vast plain; wilds
to meet (by chance); to come across; to meet (e.g. of rivers, highways, etc.); to emerge and engage (an enemy)