indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
X; x; unknown quantity; an unknown
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
taking on (a challenge); attempt; try; tackling; challenging (someone to a contest)
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
simple; easy; uncomplicated; brief; quick; light
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to return (something); to restore; to turn over; to turn upside down; to pay back; to retaliate; to respond (with)
please (give me); please (do for me)
but; however; provided that
once; one time; temporarily; for a moment; one degree; one tone
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to make a mistake (in); to commit an error (e.g. in calculation); to confuse; to mistake something for something else
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
(animal) collar; necklace; choker
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
red; crimson; Red; communist; (arch.) beautiful
button (clothing); push-button
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
retirement; retiring (from a race, match, etc.); dropping out
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
to be careful; to pay attention; to take care
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to push; to press; to apply pressure from above; to press down; to stamp (i.e. a passport); to apply a seal; to affix (e.g. gold leaf)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
that is to say; that is; in short; in brief; clogging; obstruction; shrinkage
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
daughter; girl (i.e. a young, unmarried woman)
to be saved; to be rescued; to escape harm; to be spared damage; to be helped; to be saved trouble
interval; period of time; among; between; good opportunity; chance