indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to crack; to develop a crack
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
what's the matter?; what's wrong?; what happened (to) ...?; what have you done (with) ...?; where is ...?
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
photograph; photo; picture; moving picture; movie
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
this time; now; next time; another time; recently; lately
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to leave as; to view as; to maintain the status quo
look!; look out!; hey!; look at me!; there you are!
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to cry; to weep; to sob; to howl
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to replace; to exchange; to interchange; to substitute
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
here I am; I'm home!; presently; right away; right now
to cross (legs or arms); to link (arms); to put together; to construct; to braid; to plait; to grapple
preparation; arrangements
immediately; at once; soon; before long; easily; readily
to go out (e.g. on an excursion or outing); to leave; to depart; to be about to leave; to be just going out
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
now that you mention it; come to think of it; that reminds me; on that subject; speaking of which
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
mama; mamma; mom; female proprietress (of a bar, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
granny; grandma; gran; old lady; old woman
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
honorific/polite/humble prefix
care-taking; house-sitting; house-watching; caretaker; house-sitter