indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
shout; cry; outcry; yell; shriek; scream
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
kind offices; services; through the good offices of; intercession; mediation
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to think, feel, consider, know, etc.
story; tale; talk; discussion
grateful; thankful; welcome; appreciated; evoking gratitude
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
quantity; amount; volume; number; amount of money
hill; height; knoll; rising ground
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
that's the way it is; such is life
to receive; to get; to accept; to take; to interpret; to understand
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
letter; missive; note; mail
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
had better ...; had better not ...
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
once; one time; temporarily; for a moment; one degree; one tone
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
trouble; bother; annoyance; to be troubled (by); to be bothered (by); to be inconvenienced (by)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
perhaps; possibly; maybe; if; in case; in the event that
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
in that way; thus; so; so?