Osaka (city); (arch.) large hill
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
instead of; in place of; as a substitute for; in exchange for; in return for; to make up for
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do for (someone); to take in; to deceive; to hoodwink
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to advance; to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to improve; to deepen
to remove; to take off; to drop (e.g. from a team); to remove (from a position); to leave (e.g. one's seat); to go away from
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to be wounded; to get injured; to get hurt feelings; to get damaged; to get chipped
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
to hate; to dislike; to loathe
true feelings; real intention; one's heart; one's right mind; one's senses; one's conscience
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to anyone; to everyone; by anyone; by everyone; in everyone; in anyone
dual personality; split personality
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
abrupt; sudden; unexpected
honorific/polite/humble prefix
letter; missive; note; mail
discourtesy; impoliteness; excuse me; goodbye; to leave; to be rude
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only