indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
all present; all concerned; all of us
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
hey there; I say; see here
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
even at the best of times; already; (even) under normal circumstances; in addition to; as it is
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to use excessively; to use too much; to spend too much; to overwork someone
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
noisy; loud; annoying; troublesome; fussy; finicky
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
adds force or indicates command
sorry; excuse me; thank you
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
ill will; malice; evil intent
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
it does not mean that ...; I don't mean that ...; it is not the case that
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
column; beam; girder; digit; decade; order of magnitude
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to make a mistake (in); to commit an error (e.g. in calculation); to confuse; to mistake something for something else
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
the place for; the time for; the level of
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
how; in what way; how about
to finish; to end; to merely result in something less severe than expected; to feel at ease; to feel unease or guilt for troubling someone; to be sorry
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")