maiko; apprentice geisha; dancing girl
company president; manager; director
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
(private) secretary; treasured book; secret book
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
to work; to labor; to function; to operate; to commit (e.g. a crime); to perpetrate
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
for the first time; only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; first time; (one's) first
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
at that time; in those days; at that moment; then
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
Shizuoka (city, prefecture)
senior high school; high school
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
graduation; completion (of a course); moving on (from); outgrowing (something); leaving (a group, company, etc.)
home area; home town; local
ryokan; traditional inn; Japanese-style lodging, usu. professionally-run
waitress (in a ryokan or traditional restaurant); hostess
finding employment; getting a job
to come; to go; to be (somewhere); to be (doing)
guest; visitor; customer; client; shopper
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
United Kingdom; Britain; Great Britain; England
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
rearing; training; nurture; cultivation; promotion
to go by; to go past; to run (between; of a rail service, bus route, etc.); to operate (between); to go indoors; to go into a room; to penetrate
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
I'm sorry; (it's) inexcusable; I feel regretful; thank you very much (for help, etc.)
near bankruptcy; edge of bankruptcy; bumper-to-bumper
to cling to ... in tears; to beg ... in tears; to appeal; to throw oneself on someone's mercy
on the way; en route; in the middle of; midway; halfway
to be forced to do or experience something (against one's will); to be forced to do something because one has no other choice