indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
enjoyable; fun; pleasant; happy; delightful
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle
to; for; from the standpoint of; as far as ... is concerned
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
land mine; topic that sets someone off; sensitive topic; something that seems fine at first but turns out to be very bad (e.g. product, business); booby trap
full of (e.g. mistakes); riddled with; covered all over with (blood, mud, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
battlefield; battleground
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
enthusiastic schoolteacher; passionate teacher
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
it is not (like that) either
parent; parents; dealer (in cards, mahjong, etc.); banker; founder; inventor; (pet) owner
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to rely on; to depend on; to count on; to turn to (for help)
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
intently; single-mindedly; devotedly; solely; earnestly; with all one's heart
to step on a landmine; to really step in it; to screw up; to open up a can of worms
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
graduation; completion (of a course); moving on (from); outgrowing (something); leaving (a group, company, etc.)
to wait for a favorable chance; to wait for a favourable chance
in that way; thus; so; so?
motionlessly (e.g. stand, wait); (be) still; fixedly (e.g. gaze, stare); intently (e.g. listen, think); patiently (endure); stoically
to hold one's breath; to bate one's breath
to move; to stir; to operate; to run; to make a move; to take action; to be touched
wrong; not good; hopeless; past hope; must not do
(a) little; (a) few; slight; only; just; merely
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
at that time; at that moment; then; on that occasion
swallow (bird of the Hirundinidae family); martin; barn swallow (Hirundo rustica); younger man involved with an older woman; boy toy
to lose; to be defeated; to succumb; to give in; to be inferior to; to break out in a rash due to (e.g. lacquer, shaving, etc.)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to destroy; to crush; to break by striking; to spoil; to ruin