indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
once; one time; one round; one game; one bout; one heat
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
alone; by oneself; on one's own
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to lose; to be defeated; to succumb; to give in; to be inferior to; to break out in a rash due to (e.g. lacquer, shaving, etc.)
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
tactics; strategy; military operation; naval operation
failure; mistake; blunder
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
people who lived in Kyushu in ancient times, and who opposed the state of Yamato
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
all present; all concerned; all of us
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
negligence; neglect; carelessness; procrastination
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
sentence-ending particle expressing doubt
chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium)
to look down on (someone); to make fun of; to put down; to treat with contempt; to underestimate
son (of others); boy; young master; green young man from a well-to-do family; young man innocent of the ways of the world
spare time; free time; time (e.g. time it takes to do something); time off; day off; quitting (one's job); firing someone
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
to play (games, sports); to enjoy oneself; to mess about (with alcohol, gambling, philandery, etc.); to be idle; to do nothing; to meet up (with friends); to hang out
enjoyable; fun; pleasant; happy; delightful
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to mix; to stir; to blend
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
or rather (say); or better (say); or perhaps I should say; or, how should I put it,...; I mean
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
other (place, thing, person); the rest; outside; beyond; nothing except; nothing but
management; (executive) staff; leaders; leadership; top brass; upper echelons
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
these guys; these fellows
two persons; two people; pair; couple