indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
theory; reason; logic; (unreasonable) argument; strained logic; excuse
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
family; members of a family
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
you are quite right; reasonable; natural; just
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
any more; any further; any better; any longer
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
essential; important; crucial; vital; main
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to make a mistake (in); to commit an error (e.g. in calculation); to confuse; to mistake something for something else
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
dawn; daybreak; event (e.g. "in the event of ..."); occasion; occurrence
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
look!; look out!; hey!; look at me!; there you are!
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
name; given name; title; fame; renown; pretext
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to shine; to glitter; to sparkle
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such