indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
missing (of a person); lost; unaccounted for; whereabouts unknown
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
easy; simple; there's no way that ...
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
day by day; by the day; (arch.) daily; (arch.) every day
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
personality; character; individuality; personhood
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
regret; repentance; remorse
to notice; to recognize; to recognise; to become aware of; to perceive; to realize
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
that way; that direction; that (one); that person; there; over there
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
whereabouts; place; location; place where one belongs; where one fits in; place where one can be oneself
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
now; the present time; just now; another; more
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
platform; home; home base; home plate
riding ground; racecourse; racetrack
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
September; ninth month of the lunar calendar
first day of the month; (arch.) first ten days of the lunar month