indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
opposite side; bottom; rear; back; lining; inside; in the shadows
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
merit (esp. order of merit)
deputy secretary (government); deputy director
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
already; now; by this time; quick; early; fast
brightness; discernment; insight; eyesight; vision; nth year in the Meiji era (1868.9.8-1912.7.30)
educational institution; school; academy; campus
adhesion; conglutination; collusion; collusive relationship
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
relation; relationship; participation; involvement; influence; effect
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
key; lock; key (to a problem); clue
secret accounts; unauthorized accounting; under-the-counter accounting
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
to get torn; to tear; to rip; to be broken off (of negotiations, etc.); to break down; to collapse
place; point; part; counter for places, parts, passages, etc.
somehow; for some reason; without knowing why
name; given name; first name
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
proof; evidence; certificate; license; to testify (usu. Christian religious context); enlightenment
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
fault; error; indiscretion; faux pas
organization; organisation; structure; construction; system (e.g. railroad, transport, party, etc.); tissue; texture (of a rock)
wound; injury; chip; crack; flaw; defect
now; the present time; just now; another; more
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
(lit.) blood flows; to have the blood of ... running in one's veins (artist, warrior, etc.); to be born with particular skills, characteristics, etc.; to have something "in one's blood"
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
taking (a suspect to the police); dragging (someone) away
bribe; sweetener; douceur