to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
Jin dynasty (of China; 265-420 CE); Chin dynasty
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
he; she; this; this one; Hey, you!; You bastard!
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to live; to get along; to spend (time)
matter; affair; counter for (received) emails, text messages, voicemail messages, etc.; counter for accounts (on a website, email service, etc.)
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
wrong; not good; hopeless; past hope; must not do
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
all; entire; whole; altogether
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
kneeling down on the ground; prostrate oneself
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to divide (into); to split (into); to share; to distribute; to distinguish; to discriminate; to break up (a fight)
please (give me); please (do for me)
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
within the year; before the year is out
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
store; shop; establishment; restaurant