indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
elder sister; older female friend
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
offender; criminal; culprit
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
seeming; giving the appearance of; giving one the feeling of
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
waterway; channel; wake (of a ship)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
from now; from the present moment; from this time forward; henceforth
threat; menace; coercion; terrorism
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
please (give me); please (do for me)
otherwise; or else; if not
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
sad; miserable; unhappy; sad; lamentable; deplorable
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
unskilled; clumsy; lousy; poor; awkward; shitty
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
Leigh (Britain); Ri; Li; Lie
completion; conclusion; perfect (tense, form, aspect)
thank you for your hard work; I appreciate your efforts
excuse me; pardon me; I'm sorry; thank you
to stop; to turn off; to park; to prevent; to suppress (a cough); to stop (someone from doing something); to dissuade
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
(some) more; even more; longer; further
tightly (holding on); firmly; strongly (built); solidly; properly; well
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
Bonin white-eye (Apalopteron familiare)
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
conviction; belief; confidence
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
alone; by oneself; on one's own
to search for; to look for; to hunt for; to search (a house, pocket, etc.); to search through; to rummage in (e.g. a drawer)