indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
ingredient; (raw) material; unprocessed timber; raw timber; subject matter; topic
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
now; the present time; just now; another; more
around the world; throughout the world
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
large quantity; massive (quantity); mass (e.g. mass production, mass transit, mass destruction)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
formation; molding; making up; repair (e.g. plastic surgery); replacement; -plasty
to grapple with; to wrestle with; to engage in a bout; to tackle (e.g. a problem); to come to grips with; to work hard on
technology; engineering; technique; skill; art; craft
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
have to (verb); must (verb); is indispensable; absolutely necessary
to open; to undo; to bloom; to unfold; to open (for business, e.g. in the morning); to be wide (gap, etc.); to widen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
to doubt; to distrust; to be suspicious of; to suspect
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
marriage ceremony; wedding; nuptials
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to show someone (into a room)
to be careful; to pay attention; to take care
please (give me); please (do for me)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
near; neighbourhood; nearly (e.g. "it took nearly one year"); close to; shortly; soon
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
woman; female; feminine gender
wife; (arch.) my dear; (arch.) dear; garnish (esp. one served with sashimi); embellishment
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
health; healthy; sound; fit