indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
aeroplane; airplane; aircraft
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to engage in; to participate in; to take part in; to be involved in
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
to take (a photo); to record (video, audio, etc.); to make (a film)
please (give me); please (do for me)
father; dad; husband; you; he
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
transport aircraft; transport plane
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
thought; imagination; mind; desire; wish; love
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
science (inc. mathematics, medicine, etc.); natural science; science department (university); science course; science (as a school subject)
explanation; exposition; description; account; caption; legend
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
base (military, expedition, etc.)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
Hokkaido (island, prefectural-level administrative unit)
as one expects; as one wants; to one's satisfaction; as one sees fit
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to rot; to go bad; to corrode; to weather; to become useless; to blunt; to become depraved
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
failure; mistake; blunder
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to prove successful; to take hold; to amount to something
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need