one copy (of a book, magazine, etc.); one volume
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
book; volume; this; present; main; head
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to meet (by chance); to come across; to meet (e.g. of rivers, highways, etc.); to emerge and engage (an enemy)
via; through; by doing; by means of; using
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
such; like that; that sort of; very
someone (unspecified, but someone in particular); a certain person
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
few; a little; scarce; insufficient; seldom
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to spell; to write; to compose; to bind (e.g. documents); to patch
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
to dwell; to live; to stay at; to take shelter at; to be pregnant; to be part of a constellation
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
purposely (of something needless, unexpected or seemingly counterproductive, etc.); daringly (doing something); not necessarily; not particularly; (arch.) definitely not
to let go of; to release; to part with (e.g. a possession); to relinquish; to send away (e.g. one's child); to let go
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
don't you think?; indicates question
door (esp. Japanese-style); shutter; window shutter; (arch.) entrance (to a home); (arch.) narrows
to open; to undo; to bloom; to unfold; to open (for business, e.g. in the morning); to be wide (gap, etc.); to widen
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
to be shut; to close; to be locked; to tighten; to be tightened; to become sober
to come; to go; to be (somewhere); to be (doing)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to buy; to purchase; to value; to have a high opinion; to stir; to provoke
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
vice-minister (Meiji period); undersecretary