indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
birth; creation; formation
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
gaining total control (of people or counties); suppression; oppression; control; mastery; ascendancy
on and after; as from; hereafter; thereafter; since
ten thousand years; eternity; perennial; perpetual
remainder; remnant; (not) very; (not) much; too much; excessively
to play a leading role; to play a central part
civilization; civilisation; culture; Bunmei era (1469.4.28-1487.7.20)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
Common Era; CE; Christian Era; Western (Gregorian) calendar
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
how much; something over; and something; however (much); no matter how
development; growth; development (of a situation, story, etc.); advancement; playing around; having an active sex life
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
(mental) agony; anguish; suffering; distress
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
centre; center; middle; capital; seat of government
line; stripe; line (e.g. telephone line); wire; ray (e.g. X-ray); beam; line (e.g. of a railroad)
new; neo-; newness; novelty; Gregorian calendar; Xin dynasty (China, 9-23 CE)
lodging; inn; house; home; home of a servant's parents (or guarantor, etc.)
to descend; to go down; to be handed down (of an order, judgment, etc.); to pass (of time); to surrender; to capitulate; to be less than
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
minute (unit of time); fun (one tenth of a monme, 5.787 grains)
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
plain; field; hidden (structural) member; wild; lacking a political post