indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
morning; breakfast; (arch.) next morning
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
when one was a very young child; very early in one's life
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to work; to labor; to function; to operate; to commit (e.g. a crime); to perpetrate
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
alarm clock; waking up; keeping oneself awake; type of candy given to a child after it wakes up from a nap
instead of; in place of; as a substitute for; in exchange for; in return for; to make up for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
recently; lately; these days; nearest; closest
new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date
one day; all day (long); throughout the day; first day of the month
email; mail (usu. in compound words); post; message (sent over a chat application); instant message; male
confirmation; verification; validation; review; check; affirmation
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
red; crimson; Red; communist; (arch.) beautiful
umbrella; parasol; something shaped like an umbrella or a conical hat; shade (of a lamp); mushroom cap
owner; proprietor; possessor (e.g. of talent, beauty, etc.)
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
contacting; (making) contact; connection (with a train, bus, etc.); joining (a railway line, etc.); connection (between matters, incidents, etc.); relation
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
isn't it?; don't you think?; right?; surely; come on
reply (e.g. email, fax, letter); answer
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
disagreeable; detestable; unpleasant; reluctant
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to hate; to dislike; to loathe
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
myself; yourself; I; me; you
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
refresh (e.g. memory, one's spirits, etc.)
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
book; volume; this; present; main; head
one tuft (of hair, threads, etc.); one bunch (of grapes, bananas, etc.); one cluster (e.g. of flowers); one segment (of a tangerine, etc.); one section