indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
picking; collecting; harvesting
to decide to; to pretend that; to make a practice of doing; to make it a rule to
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
maternal line; mother's side of the family
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
effect; effectiveness; efficacy; effects (e.g. sound effects, visual effects, special effects)
show (of power, ability, etc.); exhibition; demonstration; display; manifestation
because ...; for ...; the reason being ...; as for ...; when it comes to ...; regarding ...
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
ground; earth; the solid earth; the (vast) land
Eh?; What?; Come on!; Damn!
medicine manufacture; drug manufacture
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
he; she; that person; (arch.) you
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
first of all; at once; right away; for now; for the time being
to live; to get along; to spend (time)
wanted; wished for; in need of; I want (you) to
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
even so; all the same; nevertheless; yes, but ...
meaning; significance; sense
what's the matter?; what's wrong?; what happened (to) ...?; what have you done (with) ...?; where is ...?