indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to sound; to ring; to resound; to echo; to roar; to rumble
living by oneself; living alone
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
convenient; handy; useful
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
(public) notice; attention; public eye; public gaze
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to mind (negative nuance); to care about; to worry; to pay undue (amount of) attention to (something)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to behave; to conduct oneself; to entertain; to treat someone (to a drink); to make tea for someone (tea ceremony)
I've heard that ...; rumour has it that ...; it appears as if ...
for example; for instance; e.g.
first thing in the morning
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
to dash over oneself (e.g. water); to take (e.g. shower); to bask in (e.g. the sun); to suffer (e.g. an attack); to draw (e.g. criticism, attention, praise); to have heaped upon
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
embarrassing; embarrassed; ashamed; disgraceful; shameful
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
(not) at all; (not) in the slightest; wholly; entirely; extremely; very
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
spirit; mind; nature; disposition; motivation; intention
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
please (give me); please (do for me)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to forget; to leave carelessly; to be forgetful of; to forget about; to forget (an article)
huh?; eh?; what?; oh; hey!; look!
lesson; class work; teaching; instruction
preparation; arrangements; getting ready; provision; setup; reserving
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
morning; breakfast; (arch.) next morning