indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
how; in what way; how about
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
wow!; oh!; yeah!; alright!; waah!; boohoo!
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to come along; to come around; to turn up; to arrive at the present; to get where one is; to have been doing something (for a period of time)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
most; highest; maximum; best; wonderful; finest
a-ha-ha (laughing loudly)
willingness (e.g. to do something); eagerness; motivation; inspiration; determination; high aspirations
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
I see; that's right; indeed
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to decide; to choose; to clinch (a victory); to decide (the outcome of a match); to persist in doing; to go through with; to always do
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
breaking off (an engagement, negotiations, etc.); cancellation
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
to turn toward; to look (up, down, etc.); to face (e.g. east) (of a building, window, etc.); to look out on; to point (of an arrow, compass needle, etc.); to be suited to
to advance; to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to improve; to deepen
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
family; relatives; dependents; household
the future (usually distant); future tense; the world to come
to take (a resource, e.g. time or money); to hang; to come into view; to arrive; to come under (a contract, a tax); to start (engines, motors); to attend
duty; responsibility (incl. supervision of staff); liability; onus
serious; important; significant; grave; weighty