indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
still; yet; more; still more; as ...; like ...
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
now that; since; as long as; provided that
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
to part (usu. of people); to part from; to separate (of a couple); to break up; to lose (e.g. one's mother); to be bereaved
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
that is to say; that is; in short; in brief; clogging; obstruction; shrinkage
good; excellent; fine; nice; pleasant; agreeable
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
jujube (Ziziphus jujube); Chinese date; red date; small tea caddy (tea ceremony)
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
speaking of ...; when it comes to ...; as for ...; if one were to say ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
to cross (legs or arms); to link (arms); to put together; to construct; to braid; to plait; to grapple
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
environment; circumstance
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
to associate with; to keep company with; to go out with; to go along with; to follow someone's lead; to accompany someone
direction; way; person; lady; method of; manner of; care of ...
circumference; girth; surroundings; neighbourhood; people surrounding oneself; surrounding circumstances
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
feeling; sensation; preparedness; readiness; thought; sentiment
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation