indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
woman; female; feminine gender
panting; gasping; heavy breathing
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
loveable; very likeable; like very much
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
number one; first; best; most; game; round
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
(shout of) encouragement; cheering; rooting; support
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
to associate with; to keep company with; to go out with; to go along with; to follow someone's lead; to accompany someone
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
earth; soil; the earth (historically, esp. as opposed to the heavens); the ground; low-quality torinoko-gami (containing mud); (period of) refraining from construction in the direction of the god of the earth (in Onmyōdō)
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
qualifications; requirements; capabilities
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
in that way; thus; so; so?
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to rescue from; to help out of; to save
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
method; manner; appearance; air; tendency; folk song (genre of the Shi Jing)
phew; whew; huff; whoo; wohoo
suffix for familiar person
until now; so far; up to the present
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience