to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
occupation; profession; job; vocation; trade; calling
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to live; to get along; to spend (time)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
abrupt; sudden; unexpected
to come along; to come around; to turn up; to arrive at the present; to get where one is; to have been doing something (for a period of time)
somehow; for some reason; without knowing why
every month; each month; monthly
1,000,000; one million; million; many
yen (Japanese monetary unit); circle
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to ferry across (e.g. a river); to carry across; to lay across; to build across; to hand over; to hand in
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
purpose; goal; aim; objective; intention
what is it (that); the meaning of something; what something is about
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to reach; to touch; to be delivered; to arrive; to be attentive; to be scrupulous
to receive; to get; to accept; to take; to interpret; to understand
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
to gather; to collect; to assemble
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
by means of; due to; because of; according to