indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
contract; compact; agreement
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to desire; to wish for; to expect; to see; to command (a view of)
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
desire; wish; request; entreaty; prayer; (written) application
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
to grant (request, wish); to answer (prayer); to fulfill (conditions); to meet (requirements)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
formation; establishment; conclusion (e.g. of a deal); reaching (e.g. an agreement); being valid (of a theory, argument, etc.); holding
parent; parents; dealer (in cards, mahjong, etc.); banker; founder; inventor; (pet) owner
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
miserable; wretched; unhappy; sad; pitiable
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
roadside tree; row of trees
(some) more; even more; longer; further
to teach; to instruct; to tell; to inform; to preach
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to trick; to cheat; to deceive; to coax; to wheedle; to soothe and humor (humour)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
to get on (train, plane, bus, ship, etc.); to get in; to get on (e.g. a footstool); to step on; to reach; to go over; to follow
to sink (e.g. a ship); to submerge; to lower (e.g. one's body into a chair); to floor (an opponent)
ship's captain; skipper; length of a ship; boatman
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
companion; follower; attendant; retinue
cancellation; liquidation; resolution; reduction (e.g. of stress)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
due form; official; formality