to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
seriousness; earnestness; truth; sanctity
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
cute; adorable; dear; precious; innocent; childlike
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
important; serious; valuable; precious; serious matter; major incident
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to lose; to miss (a change, opportunity); to lose (a loved one); to be bereaved of; to concede (goals, points, etc.)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to go out and away; to leave
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
to discover; to find (e.g. an error in a book); to locate; to find (e.g. something missing); to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to deep-fry
to be delighted; to be glad; to congratulate; to gratefully accept
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
wanted; wished for; in need of; I want (you) to
uncle; old man; mister; manybar goatfish (Parupeneus multifasciatus)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
present; gift; to give a present or gift
mallow (any plant of family Malvaceae); Asarum caulescens (species of wild ginger); hollyhock
how; in what way; how about
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that's the way it is; such is life
to celebrate; to congratulate; to present (a gift) in celebration; to drink in celebration; to wish for (a happy future, good fortune, etc.); to pray for
surplus; margin; leeway; composure; placidity; complacency
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
the future (usually distant); future tense; the world to come
papa; dad; daddy; sugar daddy
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question