indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
appendix; supplement; annex; extra (of a newspaper or magazine)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
until now; so far; up to the present
in comparison to; rather than
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
family; members of a family
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
(with a) mindset as if one were playing a video game; thinking of (treating) something as though it were a game
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to prove successful; to take hold; to amount to something
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to insert; to put in; to plant (a cutting); to strike; to arrange (flowers); to wear (a sword) in one's belt
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
head; chief; merit; strong point; superiority; major
bitter smile; wry smile; strained laugh; sarcastic laugh
one more time; once more; once again
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
to fly; to soar; to jump; to leap; to spatter; to scatter; to hurry
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
director; executive; officer; official; person in charge
even if; even though; even; too; whether ... or ...; no matter (what, where, who, etc.)
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
direction; way; person; lady; method of; manner of; care of ...
difficult; hard; impossible; unfeasible; fussy; particular; gloomy
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
now; the present time; just now; another; more
parent; parents; dealer (in cards, mahjong, etc.); banker; founder; inventor; (pet) owner
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to want; to wish for; to request; to demand; to seek; to search for
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's