indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
in this way; thus; such; uh...
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
far away; distant place; long ago; far back; by far
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be heard; to be audible; to be said to be; to be reputed
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
feeling; sense; impression
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
now; the present time; just now; another; more
myself; yourself; I; me; you
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
than; from; out of; except; but; more
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
around there; near there; or thereabouts; or so; such a matter; such a thing
memory; recollection; remembrance; storage
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
beyond; across; the other side; the distance
to sound; to ring; to resound; to echo; to roar; to rumble
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
wonderful; marvelous; strange; strangely enough; oddly enough; for some reason
disagreeable; detestable; unpleasant; reluctant
feeling; sensation; preparedness; readiness; thought; sentiment
clearly; plainly; distinctly; to be clear; to be definite; to be certain
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
stupid girl; stupid woman
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
Japanese apricot (Prunus mume); Japanese plum; ume; lowest (of a three-tier ranking system)
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?