indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to fall down; to drop; to be omitted; to be missing; to decrease; to sink; to fail (e.g. exam or class)
beginning; outset; first; onset
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
flavour; flavor; taste; charm; appeal; interest
deep; profound; dense; thick; close (relationship); intense; strong
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
(not) ever; (not) by any means; (not) in the least; (not) in any way; (not) at all
to put in; to let in; to admit; to accept; to accept; to comply; to include
wrong; not good; hopeless; past hope; must not do
buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum); soba; Japanese buckwheat noodles
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
in that way; thus; so; so?
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to raise; to raise up; to wake; to wake up; to cause; to bring about; to start
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be needed; to be wanted
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
sweet-tasting; sweet; fragrant (smelling); sweet (music); lightly salted; light in salt; naive
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
at last; finally; barely; narrowly; just
to discover; to find (e.g. an error in a book); to locate; to find (e.g. something missing); to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
all; entire; whole; altogether
to become clear; to be made public
one's last moment; one's death; one's end