indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
another time; again; over again; formally; especially; intentionally
life; life force; lifetime; lifespan; most important thing; foundation
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
heavy; weighty; heavy (feeling); depressed; slow; sluggish; important (position, responsibility, etc.)
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
deep; profound; dense; thick; close (relationship); intense; strong
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
farm (livestock); stock farm; ranch; pasture; meadow; grazing land
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
one large animal (horses, cattle, etc.); head (of cattle)
proximity; nearness; soon; nearby
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
childbirth; (giving) birth; delivery; production (of goods)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be temperate in; to refrain; to make notes; to jot down (e.g. phone number); to be in preparation for; to be in waiting for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
this time; now; next time; another time; recently; lately
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
lively; full of spirit; energetic; healthy; well; fit
small horse; pony; foal; colt; filly
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to desire; to wish; to beg; to request; to have something done for oneself
while; during; while; although; all; both
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
ground; earth; the solid earth; the (vast) land
to leave behind; to put off; to postpone
elementary school student; primary school student; grade school student
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
whole life; a lifetime; all through life; (the only, the greatest, etc.) of one's life
companion; fellow; group; company; member of the same category (family, class)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
match; game; bout; contest