Osaka Prefectural University
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be wrapped up (e.g. in a blanket); to cover oneself
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to get tired of; to lose interest in; to be fed up with; to have enough
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
kitchen knife; carving knife; (arch.) cooking; (arch.) food
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
introduction; presentation; referral; listing
how; in what way; how about
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
direction; way; person; lady; method of; manner of; care of ...
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
splendid; nice; sufficient; fine (in the sense of "I'm fine"); well enough; OK
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
wanted; wished for; in need of; I want (you) to
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged
very; considerably; by no means; not readily; middle; half-way point
Saint; St.; S.; sacred; holy; pure
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to convey; to report; to transmit; to communicate; to tell; to impart