today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
first (of all); firstly; probably; most likely; more or less (satisfactory); on the whole
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
peace; tranquility; tranquillity; Heian period (794-1185)
culture; civilization; civilisation; Bunka era (1804.2.11-1818.4.22)
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
district; region; the country; countryside; civilian society
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
territory; dominion; grounds (e.g. school)
in regard to; concerning (usu. of disputes)
dispute; strife; quarrel; dissension; conflict; rivalry
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
occupation; profession; job; vocation; trade; calling
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
birth; creation; formation
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
Genji and Heike clans; two opposing sides
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
muscle; tendon; vein; artery; fiber; fibre; line
foot; paw; leg; gait; pace; bottom structural component (i.e. radical) of a kanji; means of transportation
advantage; benefit; profit; interest
world; society; life; lifetime; age; era; reign
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
violent; furious; extreme; intense; fervent; vehement
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
gun; wooden pole that wrestlers strike in practice; puffer fish
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
ancestral; hereditary; imported; transmitted; handed down
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend