indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
expel the barbarians; expulsion of the foreigners; late Edo period (19th century) revolutionary slogan
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
inconsequential; indifferent; not worth worrying about; whatever; whichever; I don't care
beyond this point; from now on; after this
feudal lord; (arch.) mansion; (arch.) palace
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
how; in what way; how about
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to put in order; to arrange; to get ready; to prepare; to work out (e.g. business deal); to arrange (e.g. marriage)
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
you (when referring to one's equals or inferiors)
arm; skill; efforts; ability
house (e.g. of Tokugawa); family
inside the breast of one's clothing (esp. kimono); bosom; space between one's chest and outstretched arms; (one's) reach; heart (e.g. of a mountain); bosom (e.g. of nature)
abundant; plentiful; rich; wealthy; open (mind); relaxed
to move; to stir; to operate; to run; to make a move; to take action; to be touched
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
as you see; as you can see
this family; we; this house
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
(within a) territory; domains
dramatic (improvement); remarkable (difference); marked; (far) better; exceptional
workmanship; craftsmanship; grades; results; quality (e.g. of a crop); dealings
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
small peninsula; cape; promontory; headland
ball; sphere; bead (of sweat, dew, etc.); drop; ball (in sports); pile (of noodles, etc.); bullet
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
quantity; amount; generosity; magnanimity; pramana; (in Indian philosophy) means by which one gains accurate and valid knowledge
limit; limits; degree; extent; the end; the last; as long as ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
reason; cause; circumstances
by means of; due to; because of; according to