Meiji era (1868.9.8-1912.7.30)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
perhaps; maybe; perchance; by some chance; by any chance
many; much; majority (of); greater part (of); mostly; mainly
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
completely (quitting, etc.); entirely; thoroughly; cleanly (cutting, snapping off, etc.); in a single blow
world; society; life; lifetime; age; era; reign
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
in fact; as a matter of fact; actually; in reality; to tell the truth
still; much more; (not) yet; still a long way to go; still a long way off; not there yet
every place; various places
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
to fit into (a box, frame, category, etc.); to be contained within; to settle down (into); to be installed (in one's rightful place); to settle into (one's position); to take up (a post)
Satsuma and Chōshū (clan alliance)
new government; new administration
(political) administration; political power
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to snatch away; to dispossess; to steal
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
domestic affairs; internal administration
diplomacy; selling (e.g. door-to-door); canvassing
subject; theme; homework; assignment; task; challenge
wobbling; tottering; wavering (e.g. over a decision); dithering; boiling up; dizzily