Meiji era (1868.9.8-1912.7.30)
first year (of an imperial era); year something (important) first happened or began
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; as soon as; whether or not
all; completely; totally; entirely; thoroughly
to decline (in prosperity); to become deserted; to become desolate; to taper off (of a sound)
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
daimyo (Japanese feudal lord)
one's home; hometown; native place; birthplace
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
merchant; trader; tradesman; dealer; shopkeeper
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
chōnin (Edo-period social class of town-dwelling commoners, esp. landowning merchants); townspeople; townsfolk; tradespeople
many; much; majority (of); greater part (of); mostly; mainly
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to leave; to go away; to pass; to elapse; to be distant; to send away; to drive off
1,000,000; one million; million; many
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to cross over; to cross; to pass through; to exceed; to surpass; to be more (than)
not exceeding; and downward; below (e.g. standard); under (e.g. a level); the below-mentioned; the following
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
one (esp. of two); the other; on the one hand; on the other hand; whereas; although
retirement (from work); leading a quiet life (after retirement); retired person; retiree; surrendering headship of the family (pre-WWII)
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
Sunpu (old name for Shizuoka City)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least