the West; the Occident; Western countries
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
what is called; as it is called; the so-called; known as; so to speak
company (i.e. business); company (i.e. group of friends)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Sunpu (old name for Shizuoka City)
new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date
road; path; route; way; distance; journey; road (e.g. to victory)
to walk; to go on foot; to tread (a figurative path); to follow; to advance towards (e.g. a solution); to set out (e.g. on the path to destruction, ruin, etc.)
Five Dynasties (of China; 907-979)
feudal domain (Edo and early Meiji periods, precursor to current prefectures); fiefdom; province
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
something like ...; something called ...
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
people; citizens; subjects; folk
department (in an organization); division; club; part; component; category
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
myself; yourself; I; me; you
piece; fragment; one (object)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
ready wit; quick wits; resourcefulness; raising (money)
Ardisia crenata; coralberry
profit; gains; benefit; advantage; grace (of God, Buddha, etc.) (esp. as attained through rightful actions, prayer, adherence to one's faith, etc.); blessing
to store; to save up; to accumulate (e.g. knowledge); to build up (e.g. experience); to grow (a beard, moustache, etc.); to wear
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
advantage; benefit; profit; interest
one (esp. of two); the other; on the one hand; on the other hand; whereas; although
box; case; car (of a train, etc.); shamisen case; shamisen; public building; community building
mansion; palace; (arch.) nobleman; (arch.) noblewoman; (arch.) cabin (on a boat, carriage, etc.)
old; former; the old; old things; old times; bygone days
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
new government; new administration
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
Meiji era (1868.9.8-1912.7.30)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)