doctor; PhD; exposition; fair; exhibition
sentence; composition; text; the literary arts (as opposed to the military arts); academia; statement
(United States of) America; United States; US; America (land mass); the Americas
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
arrival in Japan; coming to Japan; visit to Japan
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
caves dug as tombs in and around Kamakura during the Kamakura and Muromachi periods
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
on the occasion of; circumstances; juncture
president (of a nation); big man; boss; buddy
Iwakura Tomomi (1825-1883)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
to recognize; to recognise; to deem; to judge; to approve; to deem acceptable; to admit
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
next (year, spring, etc.); coming; since (last month, etc.); for (20 years, etc.)
revision; amendment; alteration
beginning; start; clue; lead; thread end
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to discover; to find (e.g. an error in a book); to locate; to find (e.g. something missing); to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
once in a lifetime (opportunity); (a golden opportunity that may) happen only once in a thousand years
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thousand years; very long period; forever
to entertain; to make welcome
in that way; thus; so; so?
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
surface; face (i.e. the visible side of an object); front (of a building, etc.); obverse side (i.e. "head") of a coin; outside; exterior; appearance
inner part; inside; interior; depths (e.g. of a forest); back (of a house, drawer, etc.); bottom (e.g. of one's heart)
to branch; to fork; to separate; to split; to disperse; to scatter
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
official; governmental; public (use, matter, forum, etc.); common; being public knowledge; being out in the open
place; spot; field; discipline; occasion; situation; scene (of a play, movie, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for