cruelty; hard-heartedness
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to have (e.g. lunch); to take (e.g. vitamins)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
finally; at last; barely; narrowly; gradually; little by little
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
on good terms with; on cordial terms with; getting along well with; to make friends with; to be good friends with; to get along with
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
flute; fife; pipe; whistle
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
law (esp. ancient East Asian criminal code); regulation; vinaya (rules for the monastic community); Ritsu (school of Buddhism); lüshi (style of Chinese poem); (musical) pitch; six odd-numbered notes of the ancient chromatic scale
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to attach; to join; to furnish (a house with); to wear; to put on; to keep a diary; to make an entry
ear; hearing; edge; crust; selvedge (non-fray machined edge of fabrics); selvage
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to try; to attempt; to have a go (at something)
oh; ho; exclamation of surprise, admiration, etc.; hoo (owl call); toot (sound of a flute)
(some) more; even more; longer; further
big; large; loud; extensive; spacious; important
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
surely; undoubtedly; sternly; severely; having no slack; rigid
to be heard; to be audible; to be said to be; to be reputed
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
honorific/polite/humble prefix
both; both sides; both parties
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way