indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
song; singing; classical Japanese poem (esp. tanka); modern poetry
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
society; the world; the times
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to take (someone) with one; to bring along; to go with; to be accompanied by
to repeat; to do something over again
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
living; life (one's daily existence); livelihood
chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus); domestic chicken; chicken meat
singing voice; (sound of) singing
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
railway track; railway line; railroad; railway; track; line
method; manner; appearance; air; tendency; folk song (genre of the Shi Jing)
speaking voice; talking voice
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
monaural; monophonic; mono
tear; tears; lachrymal secretion; sympathy
to spill; to fall out of; to peek through; to become visible (although normally not); to escape (of a smile, tear, etc.)
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
to bloom; to flower; to blossom; to open
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to flip; to snap; to repel; to use (an abacus); to calculate; to strum
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to continue; to last; to continue (without a break); to be unbroken; to occur again and again; to lead to; to connect to
every day; daily; day after day; days (e.g. good old days)
road; path; route; way; distance; journey; road (e.g. to victory)
point; tip; head (of a line); front; first; before; (the way) ahead
to stop up; to close up; to stand in the way; to obstruct; to occupy; to fill up
shadow; silhouette; reflection; image; ominous sign; light (stars, moon)
rain; rainy day; rainy weather; the November suit (in hanafuda)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to sing; to sing (one's praises in a poem, etc.); to compose a poem; to recite a poem
to cross over; to cross; to pass through; to exceed; to surpass; to be more (than)
to deliver; to forward; to send; to report; to notify; to file notice (to the authorities)
another time; again; over again; formally; especially; intentionally
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me