indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
factory; plant; mill; workshop
enjoyable; fun; pleasant; happy; delightful
both; both sides; both parties
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
rain; rainy day; rainy weather; the November suit (in hanafuda)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to fall (of rain, snow, ash, etc.); to come down; to form (of frost); to beam down (of sunlight or moonlight); to pour in; to visit (of luck, misfortune, etc.)
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
rather; sooner; preferably
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
to meet (by chance); to come across; to meet (e.g. of rivers, highways, etc.); to emerge and engage (an enemy)
to pass (of time); to elapse
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
fifth day of the month; five days
interval; period of time; among; between; good opportunity; chance
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
cool breeze; cool air; refreshing coolness
suffix for familiar person
long (distance, length); long (time); protracted; prolonged
to be caught in; to be stuck in; to stop by; to drop in for a short visit; to get mixed up in (trouble); to get entangled in (a problem); to fall for (a trick)
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
whole life; a lifetime; all through life; (the only, the greatest, etc.) of one's life
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
comprehension; consent; understanding; OK; roger (on two-way radio)
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
pet saying; favorite phrase (favorite); stock phrase; manner of talking
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do