indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
adopted daughter; foster daughter
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
letter (of alphabet); character; writing
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
living flesh; flesh and blood; physical body of Buddha or a bodhisattva
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to shut out; to bar; to lock out; to exclude
together; jointly; at the same time; with; both
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
readiness; preparedness; resolution; resignation
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
secretary-general; director
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
theme; topic; subject matter; motif; project; slogan
plan; plot; idea; conception; vision; scheme
planning; devising (a plan); drafting; drawing up
because ...; for ...; the reason being ...; as for ...; when it comes to ...; regarding ...
how; in what way; how about
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
essential; important; crucial; vital; main
practical business; practical work experience; practicum; practice
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be late; to be delayed; to fall behind (in a race, one's studies, etc.); to lag behind; to be bereaved of; to be preceded by (someone) in death
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
world fair; international exposition
progress; advance; improvement; development
harmony; accord; reconciliation; agreement
to maintain itself; to last; to make itself pay; to make a living; to keep going
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
standing; regular; permanent
board of directors; board of trustees
policy; course; plan (of action); magnetic needle