indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
metropolitan governor; governor of Tokyo
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
medical care; medical treatment
organization; organisation; structure; construction; system (e.g. railroad, transport, party, etc.); tissue; texture (of a rock)
mission; errand; task; duty; obligation
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to smash; to crush; to shut down; to put out of business; to wreck; to break; to butcher
other (place, thing, person); the rest; outside; beyond; nothing except; nothing but
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
adds force or indicates command
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
go that far; to that extent
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
important; serious; valuable; precious; serious matter; major incident
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
now; the present time; just now; another; more
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare
to resign; to retire; to quit; to leave (one's job, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be decided; to be settled; to be unchanging; to be the same (as always); to be a fixed rule; to be destined; to be well executed (of a manoeuvre in a sport, game, etc.)
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
to rescue from; to help out of; to save
honorific/polite/humble prefix
blank space (in documents); vacuum; blank; void
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage