indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
panting; gasping; heavy breathing
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
tension; mental strain; nervousness
now that you mention it; come to think of it; that reminds me; on that subject; speaking of which
year; age; years; past one's prime; old age
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
in that way; thus; so; so?
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
old person; elderly person; trustee of the Japan Sumo Association; retired high-ranking wrestler who is licensed to coach and receives retirement pay; senior statesman (of the Tokugawa shogunate); important local official (under the Tokugawa Shogunate)
to look young; to seem young
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
even; (if) only; just; besides; on top of that
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be delighted; to be glad; to congratulate; to gratefully accept
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
number one; first; best; most; game; round
charming; fascinating; attractive
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
to declare; to speak out; to warn; to spit out (words)
delicacy; tact; considerateness; sensitivity; thoughtfulness
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
good feeling; feeling good
one-by-one; separately; every single; each and every; without omission
immersing oneself in; being absorbed in; devoting oneself to; giving oneself up entirely to
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
rather; sooner; preferably
to be heard; to be audible; to be said to be; to be reputed
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
clicking one's tongue; tut-tut; smacking one's lips (with relish)
possibly; apparently; (seem) likely; somehow or other; with difficulty; barely
to be disconnected; to get out of place; to miss the mark; to get it wrong (e.g. guess, expectation); to be removed; to be excluded
lottery; lot; raffle; draw
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to pull; to tug; to draw (attention, sympathy, etc.); to attract (e.g. interest); to draw back (e.g. one's hand); to draw in (one's chin, stomach, etc.); to draw (a card, mahjong tile, etc.)
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling