wind; breeze; manner; behaviour; cold; influenza
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
mobile telephone; cellular telephone
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
oscillation; vibration; swing (e.g. of a pendulum)
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
I'm sorry; my apologies; excuse me; pardon me
immediately; right away; at once; instantly
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
now; the present time; just now; another; more
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
in that way; thus; so; so?
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
party (gathering, celebration, etc.); party (group, political, etc.)
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
time; hour; period; class
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
our country; our land; one's own country
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
large country; major nation; great power; province of the highest rank (ritsuryo system)
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
long (time that has passed); old (story)
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
possibly; apparently; (seem) likely; somehow or other; with difficulty; barely
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
dot; spot; mark (in an exam, etc.); grade; point (in a game); score; point (in geometry)
in; on; at (place); as for; regarding
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis