smoothly; frictionlessly; easily
relation; connection; relevance
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
invitation; summons; bidding (e.g. to host the Olympics); calling
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the other day; a few days ago
assumption (of office); taking up (a post); inauguration; installation
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
(arch.) eastern Japan (esp. Kamakura or Edo, from perspective of Kyoto or Nara); (arch.) eastern provinces; (arch.) east; wagon; yamatogoto
metropolitan governor; governor of Tokyo
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
expectation; anticipation; hope; promising; rising; up-and-coming
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to come near; to let someone approach; to bring near; to bring together; to deliver (opinion, news, etc.); to send (e.g. a letter); to let someone drop by
West Germany (1949-1990); Federal Republic of Germany
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
International Olympic Committee; IOC; Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission; IOC; input-output controller; IOC
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Mr; Mrs; clan; he; him; counter for people
sorry; excuse me; thank you
guest; visitor; customer; client; shopper
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all